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Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis & Staging

Understanding a colorectal cancer diagnosis

When you’re diagnosed with colorectal cancer, your doctor needs to find how advanced the disease is, or how far it has spread. This important part of your colorectal cancer diagnosis is known as staging. This section explains tests and definitions that are used in staging.

Colorectal cancer staging is important because:

  • It tells how much cancer there is in your body and where it’s located.
  • Knowing the extent of the disease helps your doctor develop the right treatment plan.
  • It gives your healthcare team a common language to talk about your treatment.

Here are some of the tests used to determine the stage of your colorectal cancer:

  • Blood Tests: The level of certain substances in your blood is checked. If you have colorectal cancer, you may have a high carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level.
  • Colonoscopy: If a colonoscopy was not used for your original colorectal cancer diagnosis, the entire length of your colon is examined to check for any other abnormal areas.
  • Biopsy: If you have a colonoscopy or a sigmoidoscopy and an abnormal growth is found, your doctor will take a sample, or biopsy, from your colon and/or rectal area.
  • Endorectal Ultrasound: An ultrasound probe that sends out sound waves is inserted into your rectum. A computer-generated picture, created from the echoes of the sound waves, shows how deep the rectal tumor has grown and whether the cancer has spread (or metastasized) to lymph nodes or other nearby tissues.
  • Chest X-Ray: X-rays of your chest can show whether the cancer has spread to your lungs.
  • CT Scan: An X-ray machine linked to a computer gives doctors a detailed picture of areas inside your body. Tumors in your liver, lungs, and other areas will show up on the CT scan.

Your doctor may also use other tests, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to see if the cancer has spread. Sometimes colorectal cancer staging is not complete until you have surgery to remove the tumor, and the surgeon can observe whether the tumor has metastasized.

During surgery, another very important staging procedure is lymph node sampling.

INDICATIONS

Eloxatin® (oxaliplatin injection), used in combination with infusional 5-FU/LV, is indicated for

  • Adjuvant treatment of stage III colon cancer patients who have undergone complete resection of the primary tumor.
  • Treatment of advanced carcinoma of the colon or rectum.

Clinical Safety Considerations

Anaphylactic-like reactions to ELOXATIN have been reported and may occur within minutes of ELOXATIN administration. Epinephrine, corticosteroids, and antihistamines have been employed to alleviate symptoms.

  • ELOXATIN should not be administered to patients with a history of known allergy to ELOXATIN or other platinum compounds. Hypersensitivity and anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions to ELOXATIN have been reported and were similar in nature and severity to those reported with other platinum compounds (ie, rash, urticaria, erythema, pruritus, and, rarely, bronchospasm and hypotension). These reactions occur within minutes of administration and should be managed with appropriate supportive therapy. Drug-related deaths from this reaction have been reported.
  • ELOXATIN may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Women of childbearing potential should be advised not to become pregnant while receiving ELOXATIN. It is not known whether ELOXATIN or its derivatives are excreted in human milk.
  • ELOXATIN has been associated with pulmonary fibrosis (<1% of study patients), which may be fatal. The combined incidence of cough and dyspnea was 7.4% (<1% grade 3, no grade 4) in the ELOXATIN plus 5-FU/LV arm compared to 4.5% (no grade 3, 0.1% grade 4) in the 5-FU/LV alone arm in the adjuvant colon cancer study. In this study, one patient died from eosinophilic pneumonia in the ELOXATIN combination arm. The combined incidence of cough, dyspnea, and hypoxia was 43% (7% grade 3 and 4) in the ELOXATIN plus 5-FU/LV arm compared to 32% (5% grade 3 and 4) in the irinotecan plus 5-FU/LV arm in patients with previously untreated colorectal cancer. In case of unexplained respiratory symptoms, ELOXATIN should be discontinued until pulmonary investigation excludes interstitial lung disease or pulmonary fibrosis.
  • ELOXATIN is associated with two types of primarily peripheral sensory neuropathy: an acute, reversible type of early onset and a persistent type (>14 days). In patients with advanced colorectal cancer paresthesias occurred in 77% (all grades) and 18% (grade 3/4) of previously untreated patients. In previously treated patients, acute neuropathy occurred in 56% (all grades) and 2% (grade 3/4) of patients; persistent neuropathy occurred in 48% (all grades) and 6% (grade 3/4) of patients. In patients with stage II and III colon cancer, paresthesia was seen in 92% (all grades) and 13% (grade 3/4) of patients; 21% (all grades), 0.5% (grade 3/4) had residual paresthesia at 18-month follow-up.
  • Hepatotoxicity, as evidenced in the adjuvant study by increase in transaminases and alkaline phosphatase was observed more commonly in the ELOXATIN combination arm. The incidence of increased bilirubin was similar on both arms. Changes noted on liver biopsies include: peliosis, nodular regenerative hyperplasia or sinusoidal alterations, perisinusoidal fibrosis and veno-occlusive lesions. Hepatic vascular disorders should be considered and, if appropriate, investigated in case of abnormal liver function test results or portal hypertension not explained by liver metastases.
  • Monitoring of white blood cell count with differential, hemoglobin, platelet count and blood chemistries (including ALT, AST, bilirubin and creatinine) is recommended before each ELOXATIN cycle.
  • The safety and effectiveness of ELOXATIN plus 5-FU/LV in patients with renal impairment have not been evaluated. Since the primary route of platinum elimination is renal, this combination should be used with caution in patients with preexisting renal impairment. Clearance of these products may be decreased by coadministration of potentially nephrotoxic compounds, although this has not been specifically studied.
  • The incidence of diarrhea, dehydration, hypokalemia, leukopenia, fatigue and syncope were higher in patients ≥65 years old.
  • Extravasation may result in local pain and inflammation that may be severe and lead to complications, including necrosis. Injection site reaction, including redness, swelling and pain, has been reported.
  • There have been reports of prolonged prothrombin time and INR occasionally associated with hemorrhage in patients receiving ELOXATIN plus 5-FU/LV while on anticoagulants. Patients receiving ELOXATIN plus 5-FU/LV and requiring oral anticoagulants may require closer monitoring.
  • The most common adverse reactions in patients with stage II or III colon cancer receiving adjuvant therapy were peripheral sensory neuropathy, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, nausea, increase in transaminases and alkaline phosphatase, diarrhea, emesis, fatigue, and stomatitis. The most common adverse reactions in patients with advanced colorectal cancer were peripheral sensory neuropathy, fatigue, neutropenia, nausea, emesis, and diarrhea.

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